Will be speaking to college VN class this week. They've already submitted 17 questions, answers to which I've since emailed back to their instructor, a USAF VN veteran with history Ph.D. The presentation will touch on some of these topics and issues but will include much more than contained in these answers.
Here are the questions and answers.....
1. What do you feel the television media effects were on not only the soldiers, but the Vietnamese people as well?
It's arguable that television/media coverage had little direct effect on troops, and less so on Viet Namese people, because they didn't see much of it. It had a huge cumulative indirect effect on both because "news"(?), shallow and biased as it was, did effect people in U.S., both amongst general public and elected officials and decision makers. The effect was detrimental.
2. How do you explain Nixon’s decisions during the war? Nixon’s administration? Nixon’s image before and after the war?
As best I see Nixon was motivated not only by desire to end the war but also to establish greater ties and working relationships with Russia and Communist China. He, unlike others, was willing to take unpopular steps which, one way or another, were effective. Cambodia incursion was successful, yet was vehemently protested in U.S. December bombing of Hanoi, and prior bombing and mining of Hai Phong harbor, equally lambasted yet effective to a degree. My own personal belief is that Nixon's administration over-reacted to the very real problems with leaks, Pentagon Papers, etc., and he shot himself in the foot with Watergate, etc.
Nixon is easy if not fun for some people to despise. He did have his vindictive shortcomings but in my opinion his record as a president is not as bad as many argue. One thing is certain, Hanoi knew they weren't dealing with wimpy president as they had before.
3. Why was there so many lies and politics in Vietnam such as the Bay of Tonkin, etc.?
First off, there wasn't any lie about the Tonkin incident. It did happen and the USS Maddox took rounds from a Hanoi vessel. Hanoi brags about it to this day. It wasn't a rigged excuse to justify U.S. involvement. It happened. The argument is Hanoi responded to U.S. and R.V.N. coastal harassment attacks, which is more or less true. Still, by the time of Tonkin incident, August '64, over 25,000 South Viet Namese had been assassinated or killed in action, from a population of 16 million. Had the U.S. sustained proportional fatalities with its 190 million population the death toll would have been around 270,000. This excludes people killed by NVA in Laos. There was clearly a very bloody war going on before the Tonkin incident, before U.S. troops arrived. On military merits alone, Tonkin was a flea on an elephant's back.
Also note Johnson did not respond with military force when Brink BOQ was bombed, when Bien Hoa air base was attacked.
All in all the U.S. government didn't lie deliberately as often as many people think, in good part because it was ignorant and didn't know enough to lie. Johnson later soft-peddled fact that more U.S. troops were be going to VN but it was hardly anything that was kept secret, nor could he have kept it secret if he wanted to.
POLITICS: this is more important than subject of lies. From the onset Washington was constrained and influenced by domestic reaction to efforts in Viet Nam. To a degree Viet Nam policies were subordinate to domestic constraints(no attacks into NVA sanctuaries in Laos, Cambodia). The exact opposite applied in Hanoi. Domestic politics, under iron rule of communist party, were entirely subordinated to foreign policy decisions. NO discussion, NO dispute was permitted in North Viet Nam.
To a greater and greater degree domestic constraints limited, influenced, and constrained U.S. VN policies and decisions. The uproar over Cambodian incursion would have been minimal in '64. By '72 Nixon's leeway was severely limited (Cooper-Church Amendment), and popular opinion was increasingly antagonistic. Nothing of this nature restrained decision makers in Hanoi.
On the subject of lies, or more generally the creation of false impressions, the functional equivalent of a lie, the U.S. news media was far, far worse than the U.S. government. This wasn't so much a conspiracy as a reflection of the massive chasm of ignorance among reporters. Far too many were very, very ignorant and never understood the war to begin with. Their reporting showed it. This is hard fact, not opinion, clearly spelled out in Peter Braestrup's book, BIG STORY, which cited scores of examples of false and misleading news(?) reporting:
http://www.historynet.com/
Overall, the ENTIRE U.S. "information industry": news media, U.S. government, "infotainment," popular media(TV), failed abysmally to explain what was going on in Viet Nam...AND Laos, Cambodia, Thai Border War...., why, how, at whose expense, with what ramifications. It wasn't a lie as much as contagion of ignorance, but ended up with same result.
4. Why were our troops not respected nor treated the proper way for their duty?
The 60s were a very crazy time, getting geometrically worse as the decade progressed. A lemming-like mob hysteria developed and rational thought and discussion were out the window. The troops were not respected because no one wanted to and took psychic delight in jumping on the "anti-war" bandwagon. It was a social thing. It wasn't "cool" to support the troops. "Anti-war" was "where the action was," meaning drugs, raising hell, and.....truth be known...getting laid.
There are also some who argue that disrespect toward the returning troops was in part driven by guilt of those who did not go.
It was a very ugly time. Very ugly. Mixed with a healthy dose of mob hysteria and herd behavior.
5.Out of all the small arms used in Vietnam which one do you think was best and why?
Almost impossible question to answer, same as asking what's the best musical instrument. Depends on what you're doing, with what size unit, etc. M-16 eventually proved to be a decent weapon after the bugs were worked out but M-16s alone are not enough, as evidenced by fact that each infantry platoon had M60 machine guns. You could not however equip an infantry platoon with nothing but M60s because of weight and ammunition requirements. If you were in a recon unit you'd find people who liked the Swedish K 9mm submachine gun, yet few in a regular infantry unit would want one.
Overall capabilities of individual small arms were adequate, though many would argue the AK-47 is vastly superior to the M-16, and the RPG superior to the M72 LAW (light anti-tank weapon, kind of mini bazooka).
6. Could Westmoreland’s strategy have won the war if he didn’t have the restrictions placed on him and the war’s conduct?
No telling for sure but things could have been a lot different. A whole lot different. Westmoreland's strategy was to have culminated in seizure and holding of the Ho Chi Minh trail in the southern Laotian panhandle. That's what he wanted to do and that's one of the underlying reasons Khe Sanh combat base was established. A number of Hanoi communists have since admitted this could have been fatal to the communist cause. The Ho Chi Minh trail effort had been urged and recommended time and time again by Westmoreland and many other military people, to include those from Thailand and South Viet Nam. Repeatedly. It was always denied by McNamara and Johnson. What kept the war going was the influx of massive NVA troops, over a million during course of the war, and hundreds of thousands of tons of weapons, munitions, supplies. Had the trail been choked off, and it could have been done with less bloodshed and troops than fighting only in South Viet
Nam, Hanoi's war would have been in very, very deep trouble, for many reasons.
Westmoreland also recommended other intelligent steps that were all denied by McNamara. McNamara retarded "Viet Namization" by not allowing more modern equipment and weapons for the South Viet Namese, as Westmoreland had recommended.
All in all Westmoreland, and I've not been one of his greater fans, does NOT deserve the criticism he's received. He did have a strategy, did have a plan, but it was denied by McNamara. His strategic did stop the impending collapse of South Viet Nam in '65, and did stop VC/NVA momentum after that.
7. If Linebacker I and 2 had been implemented earlier in the war could we have at least realized a North and South Vietnam similar to Korea?
Answer is complicated not so much by military factors but by public opinion factors. U.S. would be seen as a vicious bully pounding on a primitive society of supposedly sincere "revolutionaries." Second, even if Hanoi would have called things off in a '65 or '66 Linebacker-type bombing campaign, they would have simply waited things out, signed any treaties they were compelled to, then started up again. Hanoi HAD to be beaten in the realm of public opinion, and communist propaganda was so effective that many people and countries believed it, and believe it to this day.
My opinion, bombing wasn't as important as mining Hai Phong harbor, and then...this is very important...launching a relentless propaganda/counter-propaganda/
Hence, militarily it might have been effective on an interim basis, but probably would not have truly ended the war by destroying Hanoi's will.
8. Did Henry Kissinger sell out the South Vietnamese at the Paris Accords?
He pretty much did but it's necessary to recall that his options were very, very limited and he and Nixon were under the threat of a new congress, completely "anti-war," coming in to Washington in January '73. In sum, it's arguable that Kissinger had no other route to take. If the war hadn't ended -it didn't end, it was only an appearance of an end- the new Congress would have cut off ALL aid to RVN. While not a huge fan of Kissinger, he was had few other choices and the "sell-out," however real, was not his fault alone.
9. Why weren’t the dikes on the Red River Valley targeted?
World and U.S. opinion would have gone ballistic. Hundreds of thousands of civilians could have died, not only from flooding but also from starvation. The "anti-war" elements (really, de facto "pro-Hanoi-war") would have had a field day. Newspapers would have front page pictures of miserable peasants losing their homes to floods, ragged and starving.
It simply wasn't a viable option.
10. Is there any excuse for our officials not realizing the history between Vietnam and the Chinese prior to our involvement in the conflict?
There's no excuse for any of our officials, or news media, or college professors, for not knowing ANY of the history of Viet Nam, Laos, China, Cambodia, etc. One characteristic of whole U.S. involvement was monumental ignorance on part of all major U.S. institutions.
Here again public opinion played a key role, limiting what U.S. and RVN could do and should have done. People go to Washington to be reelected and must pander of ill-informed public, who've derived their views form an infantile and shallow "news"(?) media.
As for China and Viet Nam, too much is made of the sometimes antagonism between the two countries. It's not as simple as saying the North Viet Namese hated the Chinese. Sometimes they did. Sometimes they didn't. It's like a bad off-and-on marriage that never ends in divorce. Whatever antagonism Hanoi might of felt did not induce their refusing to accept massive Chinese communist assistance throughout the whole course of the war. It's highly unlikely the communists would have won at Dien Bien Phu without massive and prolonged assistance from Communist China: modern weapons, trucks, rice, tons of munitions, advisors, training camps, etc. This continued throughout the war until '75. During American involvement Communist China sent over 300,000 technicians and rail construction workers to North Viet Nam, to keep the place running while NVN youth were sent to war. It's quite simple: no massive Chinese and Russian aid, no "Viet Nam war."
11. In your assessment, what would it have taken for us to have either won the war or at least aid in the establishment of an independent South Vietnam?
A book could be written on this. It's arguable that the whole thing should have been done differently, and if this had been done the outcome would have been different. Some examples:
A. UNDERSTAND the enemy. Never done. Understand their tactics, their strategy. Never done(except on the field level, never in D.C.). Hanoi's strategy was spelled out in books written by Truong Chinh as well as Vo Nguyen Giap. Many intelligent South Viet Namese could explain it with detailed clarity. Hanoi's game plan was for all to see. There is no indication that anyone in Washington...or the news media...ever read these books.
B. Having done the above decision makers should have realized a relentless, energetic, incessant propaganda/counter-propaganda/
C. A SE Asia/Indochina Coordinating Agency should have been established, comprised of representatives of U.S., RVN, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand(where a Hanoi-sponsored brush fire war was underway). Hanoi had one strategy for ALL of Indochina; there was no U.S. counter-strategy. U.S. had three different foreign policies for RVN, Laos, Cambodia; neither complemented the other. McDonald's does more analysis and planning in setting up overseas franchises than allies did in opposing Hanoi's war.
This Agency would have been a source of and sounding board for the aforementioned propaganda/counter-propaganda war.
D. Cut and hold Ho Chi Minh trail; mine Hai Phong harbor. Use superior American/RVN firepower to permanently block and hold the trail.
E. Provide more advisors and fewer infantry/combat line units. Provide modern weapons to RVN troops. Until early '68 95% of RVNAF troops were supplied with inferior WW II surplus weapons. The VC were receiving modern weapons...a LOT of modern weapons...from Russia/China beginning in 1964 (RPT: one-nine-six-four). Provide more lower-level training for RVNAF units. Mobile Advisory Teams, which proved quite effective, were not established until 1968.
Establish, where appropriate, more USMC-type combined action platoons, a squad of 14 U.S. troops teamed up with a 36-man VN Popular Force platoon, to live in and protect a hamlet or village for duration of their tour. This could only be done in some areas as no matter how effective a CAP unit might be they were absolutely no match for an NVA battalion with 400 men.
F. Tell Russia they can forget about detente as long as one Soviet weapon shows up in Indochina. No more cheap grain deals, no more help building Kama truck factory. No more anything.
G. Jump on and lacerate, publicly, every single false or misleading "news" report. That would be a full-time job.
H. Provide a month-long intensive and demanding Viet Nam orientation course for all Americans bound for Viet Nam. Every single person. Explain the history, communist tactics, culture, geography, and all relevant aspects of the environment they'd be in. This was NEVER done. Included in this would be rudimentary language training.
I. Establish a CORDS-like(Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support) command in early 1960s. This was not done until May of '67 and didn't get rolling until 1968. CORDS coordinated pacification with military operations against regular VC/NVA units.
J. Start what would later become the "Phoenix Program" in the early 1960s, targeting VCI (Viet Cong Infrastucture). Concurrently launch a more convincing Chieu Hoi program to convince VC to defect. This was done, quite successfully in later years (over 47,000 VC defected in '69) but should have received more command emphasis earlier on.
K. DO NOT fight different wars in VN, Laos, Cambodia. Hanoi had an Indochina-wide strategy. U.S. never came close.
That's a start.
12. Why doesn’t the world realize what is going on in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam with the targeting of Buddhists, Montagnards, and the Hmong?
Several reasons in my opinion. First, U.S. and world publics essentially don't give enough of a damn about what's going on far away. Paraphrasing the old Cindy Lauper song "Americans and world public just want to have fun." Within past two decades millions of people have been killed in the Sudan and the Congo. No one did anything.
Next comes the continuing ignorance. U.S. and world publics, as a whole and despite noble efforts of people advancing cause of human rights, are basically ignorant and don't read enough informative, intelligent books. This is function of infantile educational system, shallow news media, addiction to entertainment, etc.
Third: the lingering guilt of the "poor Viet Nam" which was so violently battered by evil U.S. People don't want to criticize Hanoi because it was such a pitiable victim of past evil(or so people think).
In sum, no one knows enough to care, and very few want to know or care to begin with.
Hanoi, and its Laotian clones, hammer everyone, not simply Montagnards, Hmong and Buddhists. Everyone get hit. Evangelical Christians. Catholics. Hoa Hao Buddhists (separate from Unified Buddhist Church). Poets. Writers. Song-writers. Lawyers. Depending on source examined, Hanoi ranks among the top 20 of countries oppressing religious freedom.
13. Are there marked similarities between our most recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and the Vietnam conflict?
Don't enough to comment intelligently. Am sure there are some parallels, just as there are differences. One major difference is the near-monolithic Moslem characteristic of Iraq and Afghanistan and the hold it has on people's minds. There was nothing like this in Viet Nam or Indochina (except in North Viet Nam). Geographic factors are different. Afghanistan is land-locked. Viet Nam had several very good sea ports.
One thing that has struck me is the failure of U.S. to launch an effective propaganda/counter-propaganda/
14. Do you seen any hope for the Vietnamese people throwing off the Communist control of the country today from the Hanoi regime? Do you want to travel back to Vietnam today knowing what you do about its regime?
It's hard to say. There is widespread discontent and opposition but it's amazingly easy to throw people in jail and stifle dissent. Then again, few people foresaw (and some did) collapse of Soviet Union which appeared to come out of nowhere. Andre Almarik, a Soviet dissent, wrote a book in 1971 predicting collapse of Soviet Union in 1984, for many of the same reasons that brought the downfall.
One thing making opposition more difficult is U.S. government's catering to Hanoi, which discourages dissent and opposition. U.S. policy has been, in my mind, inexcusably feeble regarding Hanoi's systemic human rights violations.
Secondly, despite glitz and high rise buildings/hotels in big cities Viet Nam's rural people are very, very poor. Their biggest pressing concern is economic survival discouraging willingness to oppose Communist Party and perhaps go to prison.
One thing seems certain: if there were open, secret ballot,free elections allowing multiple political parties (illegal, with prison term for advocating such), the communists would lose.
I would like to go back to Viet Nam and then get out of big cities and into rural areas where "normal" people live. Several problems however. First, I don't know if I'd be allowed to go back in, having been publicly involved with anti-Hanoi human rights efforts. This is not paranoia. Know one friend who was denied entry to Viet Nam. Know others who've been kicked out, after being arrested or detained in Viet Nam. Secondly, I speak Viet Namese and this IMMEDIATELY causes people to think I was or am still in the CIA or some other intelligence agency. I would, in all probability, be followed and observed. What's worse is that anyone I spent any time talking to, at some street-side noodle stand for example, would then be subjected to later police interrogation, and would then possibly be placed under surveillance.
This all sounds like delusions of rabid imagination but I know people this has happened to.
Next, if I were to go back and be subjected to harassment and/or an "interview" at a local police station I'd probably get in more trouble because I'd insult them as traitors to Viet Nam...phan noi lam si nhuc dan toc Viet Nam, liem got chu nghia Lien-Xo..etc.) and that would hardly be effective diplomacy.
Finally, I'm reluctant to go back and see the environmental destruction that's occurred under Hanoi's idiot policies. Highland forests have been clear cut, industrial sewage is dumped into rivers. It would be hard to take. Viet Nam is a beautiful country but it's being devastated by exploitative policies. Back in the early 1950s there were an estimated 1,500 wild elephants in Ban Me Thuot province. Current estimate: 50. Sad.
15. In your opinion was the CIA activity in Vietnam an asset or detriment to the American military there?
Overall, and despite fact that I knew several CIA people I detested, the CIA did a sort-of decent job insofar as intelligence collection and analysis was concerned. If personalities meshed at province level the CIA and military people got along well. Overall, give them a C+/B- as an asset.
16. Do you think that war could have ever been winnable under the conditions which we fought?
On paper yes, if one includes blocking Ho Chi Minh trail. We weren't trying to "win a war" as much as STOP Hanoi's war. As it was, the "conditions" were reflective of a strategy that was, in my mind, criminally negligent(see answers to Question 11). Had U.S. kept a contingent force, as we've done in Korea, and provided RVNAF with adequate supplies, weapons and REAL diplomatic support, there's a logical argument that says Hanoi's war could have been stopped. For the sake of the people of Indochina it would have been far, far better if it had. More people died violent deaths after '75, when "the war ended"(!)(?) then during the war, and a much greater percentage of these were innocent civilians rather than combatants.
17. Do you feel our government has learned anything from the Vietnam experience or are we making the same mistakes today in Iraq, Afghanistan, and potentially in Iran?
Don't know enough to comment on mistakes in Iraq and Afghanistan but do get distinct impression too many mistakes have been and are being made.
As for Viet Nam, better termed multi-lateral effort to stop Hanoi's war, I don't believe the government learned a damn thing then and doesn't know much now. It's very frustrating and infuriating. There's ample evidence to argue that U.S. government's policies and practices in Viet Nam...and Laos...and Cambodia...and Thailand, constitute one of the most massive and disgusting examples of political-military malpractice and malfeasance than can be found in recorded history. It's impossible to apply "lessons learned" in Viet Nam to Afghanistan and Iraq when the lessons were never learned to begin with.
Here are the questions and answers.....
1. What do you feel the television media effects were on not only the soldiers, but the Vietnamese people as well?
It's arguable that television/media coverage had little direct effect on troops, and less so on Viet Namese people, because they didn't see much of it. It had a huge cumulative indirect effect on both because "news"(?), shallow and biased as it was, did effect people in U.S., both amongst general public and elected officials and decision makers. The effect was detrimental.
2. How do you explain Nixon’s decisions during the war? Nixon’s administration? Nixon’s image before and after the war?
As best I see Nixon was motivated not only by desire to end the war but also to establish greater ties and working relationships with Russia and Communist China. He, unlike others, was willing to take unpopular steps which, one way or another, were effective. Cambodia incursion was successful, yet was vehemently protested in U.S. December bombing of Hanoi, and prior bombing and mining of Hai Phong harbor, equally lambasted yet effective to a degree. My own personal belief is that Nixon's administration over-reacted to the very real problems with leaks, Pentagon Papers, etc., and he shot himself in the foot with Watergate, etc.
Nixon is easy if not fun for some people to despise. He did have his vindictive shortcomings but in my opinion his record as a president is not as bad as many argue. One thing is certain, Hanoi knew they weren't dealing with wimpy president as they had before.
3. Why was there so many lies and politics in Vietnam such as the Bay of Tonkin, etc.?
First off, there wasn't any lie about the Tonkin incident. It did happen and the USS Maddox took rounds from a Hanoi vessel. Hanoi brags about it to this day. It wasn't a rigged excuse to justify U.S. involvement. It happened. The argument is Hanoi responded to U.S. and R.V.N. coastal harassment attacks, which is more or less true. Still, by the time of Tonkin incident, August '64, over 25,000 South Viet Namese had been assassinated or killed in action, from a population of 16 million. Had the U.S. sustained proportional fatalities with its 190 million population the death toll would have been around 270,000. This excludes people killed by NVA in Laos. There was clearly a very bloody war going on before the Tonkin incident, before U.S. troops arrived. On military merits alone, Tonkin was a flea on an elephant's back.
Also note Johnson did not respond with military force when Brink BOQ was bombed, when Bien Hoa air base was attacked.
All in all the U.S. government didn't lie deliberately as often as many people think, in good part because it was ignorant and didn't know enough to lie. Johnson later soft-peddled fact that more U.S. troops were be going to VN but it was hardly anything that was kept secret, nor could he have kept it secret if he wanted to.
POLITICS: this is more important than subject of lies. From the onset Washington was constrained and influenced by domestic reaction to efforts in Viet Nam. To a degree Viet Nam policies were subordinate to domestic constraints(no attacks into NVA sanctuaries in Laos, Cambodia). The exact opposite applied in Hanoi. Domestic politics, under iron rule of communist party, were entirely subordinated to foreign policy decisions. NO discussion, NO dispute was permitted in North Viet Nam.
To a greater and greater degree domestic constraints limited, influenced, and constrained U.S. VN policies and decisions. The uproar over Cambodian incursion would have been minimal in '64. By '72 Nixon's leeway was severely limited (Cooper-Church Amendment), and popular opinion was increasingly antagonistic. Nothing of this nature restrained decision makers in Hanoi.
On the subject of lies, or more generally the creation of false impressions, the functional equivalent of a lie, the U.S. news media was far, far worse than the U.S. government. This wasn't so much a conspiracy as a reflection of the massive chasm of ignorance among reporters. Far too many were very, very ignorant and never understood the war to begin with. Their reporting showed it. This is hard fact, not opinion, clearly spelled out in Peter Braestrup's book, BIG STORY, which cited scores of examples of false and misleading news(?) reporting:
http://www.historynet.com/
Overall, the ENTIRE U.S. "information industry": news media, U.S. government, "infotainment," popular media(TV), failed abysmally to explain what was going on in Viet Nam...AND Laos, Cambodia, Thai Border War...., why, how, at whose expense, with what ramifications. It wasn't a lie as much as contagion of ignorance, but ended up with same result.
4. Why were our troops not respected nor treated the proper way for their duty?
The 60s were a very crazy time, getting geometrically worse as the decade progressed. A lemming-like mob hysteria developed and rational thought and discussion were out the window. The troops were not respected because no one wanted to and took psychic delight in jumping on the "anti-war" bandwagon. It was a social thing. It wasn't "cool" to support the troops. "Anti-war" was "where the action was," meaning drugs, raising hell, and.....truth be known...getting laid.
There are also some who argue that disrespect toward the returning troops was in part driven by guilt of those who did not go.
It was a very ugly time. Very ugly. Mixed with a healthy dose of mob hysteria and herd behavior.
5.Out of all the small arms used in Vietnam which one do you think was best and why?
Almost impossible question to answer, same as asking what's the best musical instrument. Depends on what you're doing, with what size unit, etc. M-16 eventually proved to be a decent weapon after the bugs were worked out but M-16s alone are not enough, as evidenced by fact that each infantry platoon had M60 machine guns. You could not however equip an infantry platoon with nothing but M60s because of weight and ammunition requirements. If you were in a recon unit you'd find people who liked the Swedish K 9mm submachine gun, yet few in a regular infantry unit would want one.
Overall capabilities of individual small arms were adequate, though many would argue the AK-47 is vastly superior to the M-16, and the RPG superior to the M72 LAW (light anti-tank weapon, kind of mini bazooka).
6. Could Westmoreland’s strategy have won the war if he didn’t have the restrictions placed on him and the war’s conduct?
No telling for sure but things could have been a lot different. A whole lot different. Westmoreland's strategy was to have culminated in seizure and holding of the Ho Chi Minh trail in the southern Laotian panhandle. That's what he wanted to do and that's one of the underlying reasons Khe Sanh combat base was established. A number of Hanoi communists have since admitted this could have been fatal to the communist cause. The Ho Chi Minh trail effort had been urged and recommended time and time again by Westmoreland and many other military people, to include those from Thailand and South Viet Nam. Repeatedly. It was always denied by McNamara and Johnson. What kept the war going was the influx of massive NVA troops, over a million during course of the war, and hundreds of thousands of tons of weapons, munitions, supplies. Had the trail been choked off, and it could have been done with less bloodshed and troops than fighting only in South Viet
Nam, Hanoi's war would have been in very, very deep trouble, for many reasons.
Westmoreland also recommended other intelligent steps that were all denied by McNamara. McNamara retarded "Viet Namization" by not allowing more modern equipment and weapons for the South Viet Namese, as Westmoreland had recommended.
All in all Westmoreland, and I've not been one of his greater fans, does NOT deserve the criticism he's received. He did have a strategy, did have a plan, but it was denied by McNamara. His strategic did stop the impending collapse of South Viet Nam in '65, and did stop VC/NVA momentum after that.
7. If Linebacker I and 2 had been implemented earlier in the war could we have at least realized a North and South Vietnam similar to Korea?
Answer is complicated not so much by military factors but by public opinion factors. U.S. would be seen as a vicious bully pounding on a primitive society of supposedly sincere "revolutionaries." Second, even if Hanoi would have called things off in a '65 or '66 Linebacker-type bombing campaign, they would have simply waited things out, signed any treaties they were compelled to, then started up again. Hanoi HAD to be beaten in the realm of public opinion, and communist propaganda was so effective that many people and countries believed it, and believe it to this day.
My opinion, bombing wasn't as important as mining Hai Phong harbor, and then...this is very important...launching a relentless propaganda/counter-propaganda/
Hence, militarily it might have been effective on an interim basis, but probably would not have truly ended the war by destroying Hanoi's will.
8. Did Henry Kissinger sell out the South Vietnamese at the Paris Accords?
He pretty much did but it's necessary to recall that his options were very, very limited and he and Nixon were under the threat of a new congress, completely "anti-war," coming in to Washington in January '73. In sum, it's arguable that Kissinger had no other route to take. If the war hadn't ended -it didn't end, it was only an appearance of an end- the new Congress would have cut off ALL aid to RVN. While not a huge fan of Kissinger, he was had few other choices and the "sell-out," however real, was not his fault alone.
9. Why weren’t the dikes on the Red River Valley targeted?
World and U.S. opinion would have gone ballistic. Hundreds of thousands of civilians could have died, not only from flooding but also from starvation. The "anti-war" elements (really, de facto "pro-Hanoi-war") would have had a field day. Newspapers would have front page pictures of miserable peasants losing their homes to floods, ragged and starving.
It simply wasn't a viable option.
10. Is there any excuse for our officials not realizing the history between Vietnam and the Chinese prior to our involvement in the conflict?
There's no excuse for any of our officials, or news media, or college professors, for not knowing ANY of the history of Viet Nam, Laos, China, Cambodia, etc. One characteristic of whole U.S. involvement was monumental ignorance on part of all major U.S. institutions.
Here again public opinion played a key role, limiting what U.S. and RVN could do and should have done. People go to Washington to be reelected and must pander of ill-informed public, who've derived their views form an infantile and shallow "news"(?) media.
As for China and Viet Nam, too much is made of the sometimes antagonism between the two countries. It's not as simple as saying the North Viet Namese hated the Chinese. Sometimes they did. Sometimes they didn't. It's like a bad off-and-on marriage that never ends in divorce. Whatever antagonism Hanoi might of felt did not induce their refusing to accept massive Chinese communist assistance throughout the whole course of the war. It's highly unlikely the communists would have won at Dien Bien Phu without massive and prolonged assistance from Communist China: modern weapons, trucks, rice, tons of munitions, advisors, training camps, etc. This continued throughout the war until '75. During American involvement Communist China sent over 300,000 technicians and rail construction workers to North Viet Nam, to keep the place running while NVN youth were sent to war. It's quite simple: no massive Chinese and Russian aid, no "Viet Nam war."
11. In your assessment, what would it have taken for us to have either won the war or at least aid in the establishment of an independent South Vietnam?
A book could be written on this. It's arguable that the whole thing should have been done differently, and if this had been done the outcome would have been different. Some examples:
A. UNDERSTAND the enemy. Never done. Understand their tactics, their strategy. Never done(except on the field level, never in D.C.). Hanoi's strategy was spelled out in books written by Truong Chinh as well as Vo Nguyen Giap. Many intelligent South Viet Namese could explain it with detailed clarity. Hanoi's game plan was for all to see. There is no indication that anyone in Washington...or the news media...ever read these books.
B. Having done the above decision makers should have realized a relentless, energetic, incessant propaganda/counter-propaganda/
C. A SE Asia/Indochina Coordinating Agency should have been established, comprised of representatives of U.S., RVN, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand(where a Hanoi-sponsored brush fire war was underway). Hanoi had one strategy for ALL of Indochina; there was no U.S. counter-strategy. U.S. had three different foreign policies for RVN, Laos, Cambodia; neither complemented the other. McDonald's does more analysis and planning in setting up overseas franchises than allies did in opposing Hanoi's war.
This Agency would have been a source of and sounding board for the aforementioned propaganda/counter-propaganda war.
D. Cut and hold Ho Chi Minh trail; mine Hai Phong harbor. Use superior American/RVN firepower to permanently block and hold the trail.
E. Provide more advisors and fewer infantry/combat line units. Provide modern weapons to RVN troops. Until early '68 95% of RVNAF troops were supplied with inferior WW II surplus weapons. The VC were receiving modern weapons...a LOT of modern weapons...from Russia/China beginning in 1964 (RPT: one-nine-six-four). Provide more lower-level training for RVNAF units. Mobile Advisory Teams, which proved quite effective, were not established until 1968.
Establish, where appropriate, more USMC-type combined action platoons, a squad of 14 U.S. troops teamed up with a 36-man VN Popular Force platoon, to live in and protect a hamlet or village for duration of their tour. This could only be done in some areas as no matter how effective a CAP unit might be they were absolutely no match for an NVA battalion with 400 men.
F. Tell Russia they can forget about detente as long as one Soviet weapon shows up in Indochina. No more cheap grain deals, no more help building Kama truck factory. No more anything.
G. Jump on and lacerate, publicly, every single false or misleading "news" report. That would be a full-time job.
H. Provide a month-long intensive and demanding Viet Nam orientation course for all Americans bound for Viet Nam. Every single person. Explain the history, communist tactics, culture, geography, and all relevant aspects of the environment they'd be in. This was NEVER done. Included in this would be rudimentary language training.
I. Establish a CORDS-like(Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support) command in early 1960s. This was not done until May of '67 and didn't get rolling until 1968. CORDS coordinated pacification with military operations against regular VC/NVA units.
J. Start what would later become the "Phoenix Program" in the early 1960s, targeting VCI (Viet Cong Infrastucture). Concurrently launch a more convincing Chieu Hoi program to convince VC to defect. This was done, quite successfully in later years (over 47,000 VC defected in '69) but should have received more command emphasis earlier on.
K. DO NOT fight different wars in VN, Laos, Cambodia. Hanoi had an Indochina-wide strategy. U.S. never came close.
That's a start.
12. Why doesn’t the world realize what is going on in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam with the targeting of Buddhists, Montagnards, and the Hmong?
Several reasons in my opinion. First, U.S. and world publics essentially don't give enough of a damn about what's going on far away. Paraphrasing the old Cindy Lauper song "Americans and world public just want to have fun." Within past two decades millions of people have been killed in the Sudan and the Congo. No one did anything.
Next comes the continuing ignorance. U.S. and world publics, as a whole and despite noble efforts of people advancing cause of human rights, are basically ignorant and don't read enough informative, intelligent books. This is function of infantile educational system, shallow news media, addiction to entertainment, etc.
Third: the lingering guilt of the "poor Viet Nam" which was so violently battered by evil U.S. People don't want to criticize Hanoi because it was such a pitiable victim of past evil(or so people think).
In sum, no one knows enough to care, and very few want to know or care to begin with.
Hanoi, and its Laotian clones, hammer everyone, not simply Montagnards, Hmong and Buddhists. Everyone get hit. Evangelical Christians. Catholics. Hoa Hao Buddhists (separate from Unified Buddhist Church). Poets. Writers. Song-writers. Lawyers. Depending on source examined, Hanoi ranks among the top 20 of countries oppressing religious freedom.
13. Are there marked similarities between our most recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and the Vietnam conflict?
Don't enough to comment intelligently. Am sure there are some parallels, just as there are differences. One major difference is the near-monolithic Moslem characteristic of Iraq and Afghanistan and the hold it has on people's minds. There was nothing like this in Viet Nam or Indochina (except in North Viet Nam). Geographic factors are different. Afghanistan is land-locked. Viet Nam had several very good sea ports.
One thing that has struck me is the failure of U.S. to launch an effective propaganda/counter-propaganda/
14. Do you seen any hope for the Vietnamese people throwing off the Communist control of the country today from the Hanoi regime? Do you want to travel back to Vietnam today knowing what you do about its regime?
It's hard to say. There is widespread discontent and opposition but it's amazingly easy to throw people in jail and stifle dissent. Then again, few people foresaw (and some did) collapse of Soviet Union which appeared to come out of nowhere. Andre Almarik, a Soviet dissent, wrote a book in 1971 predicting collapse of Soviet Union in 1984, for many of the same reasons that brought the downfall.
One thing making opposition more difficult is U.S. government's catering to Hanoi, which discourages dissent and opposition. U.S. policy has been, in my mind, inexcusably feeble regarding Hanoi's systemic human rights violations.
Secondly, despite glitz and high rise buildings/hotels in big cities Viet Nam's rural people are very, very poor. Their biggest pressing concern is economic survival discouraging willingness to oppose Communist Party and perhaps go to prison.
One thing seems certain: if there were open, secret ballot,free elections allowing multiple political parties (illegal, with prison term for advocating such), the communists would lose.
I would like to go back to Viet Nam and then get out of big cities and into rural areas where "normal" people live. Several problems however. First, I don't know if I'd be allowed to go back in, having been publicly involved with anti-Hanoi human rights efforts. This is not paranoia. Know one friend who was denied entry to Viet Nam. Know others who've been kicked out, after being arrested or detained in Viet Nam. Secondly, I speak Viet Namese and this IMMEDIATELY causes people to think I was or am still in the CIA or some other intelligence agency. I would, in all probability, be followed and observed. What's worse is that anyone I spent any time talking to, at some street-side noodle stand for example, would then be subjected to later police interrogation, and would then possibly be placed under surveillance.
This all sounds like delusions of rabid imagination but I know people this has happened to.
Next, if I were to go back and be subjected to harassment and/or an "interview" at a local police station I'd probably get in more trouble because I'd insult them as traitors to Viet Nam...phan noi lam si nhuc dan toc Viet Nam, liem got chu nghia Lien-Xo..etc.) and that would hardly be effective diplomacy.
Finally, I'm reluctant to go back and see the environmental destruction that's occurred under Hanoi's idiot policies. Highland forests have been clear cut, industrial sewage is dumped into rivers. It would be hard to take. Viet Nam is a beautiful country but it's being devastated by exploitative policies. Back in the early 1950s there were an estimated 1,500 wild elephants in Ban Me Thuot province. Current estimate: 50. Sad.
15. In your opinion was the CIA activity in Vietnam an asset or detriment to the American military there?
Overall, and despite fact that I knew several CIA people I detested, the CIA did a sort-of decent job insofar as intelligence collection and analysis was concerned. If personalities meshed at province level the CIA and military people got along well. Overall, give them a C+/B- as an asset.
16. Do you think that war could have ever been winnable under the conditions which we fought?
On paper yes, if one includes blocking Ho Chi Minh trail. We weren't trying to "win a war" as much as STOP Hanoi's war. As it was, the "conditions" were reflective of a strategy that was, in my mind, criminally negligent(see answers to Question 11). Had U.S. kept a contingent force, as we've done in Korea, and provided RVNAF with adequate supplies, weapons and REAL diplomatic support, there's a logical argument that says Hanoi's war could have been stopped. For the sake of the people of Indochina it would have been far, far better if it had. More people died violent deaths after '75, when "the war ended"(!)(?) then during the war, and a much greater percentage of these were innocent civilians rather than combatants.
17. Do you feel our government has learned anything from the Vietnam experience or are we making the same mistakes today in Iraq, Afghanistan, and potentially in Iran?
Don't know enough to comment on mistakes in Iraq and Afghanistan but do get distinct impression too many mistakes have been and are being made.
As for Viet Nam, better termed multi-lateral effort to stop Hanoi's war, I don't believe the government learned a damn thing then and doesn't know much now. It's very frustrating and infuriating. There's ample evidence to argue that U.S. government's policies and practices in Viet Nam...and Laos...and Cambodia...and Thailand, constitute one of the most massive and disgusting examples of political-military malpractice and malfeasance than can be found in recorded history. It's impossible to apply "lessons learned" in Viet Nam to Afghanistan and Iraq when the lessons were never learned to begin with.
Bill Laurie chuyển
30 comments:
Although you can't go back to any songs, you can skip songs, mark them as ones you like or dislike, and browse the names, bands, and CD the song is on of all the songs that have played already. The broadcasting process is not complicated as all the equipments essential are easily available but with new ideas coming up every day, new requirements rise with new criteria of transmission like Dab Digital Radio and DRM. The Public Radio Tuner from American Public Media may be one of the best radio applications you can get.
Visit my weblog - Check Out www.polysom.com.br
Few travellers on a Mashobra tour can resist the temptation of seeking blessings at the Mahasu Devta Temple.
As Atlantis emerged from the blackness of space and into the blistering lights of
the John F. ' The Rooneys are a great family who turned a football franchise into a traveling nation full of fans across the United States. you ask with softness coming back into your voice as you sit on the sand beside me. Of course, the layout of the apps is completely customisable, so you can place your most commonly used apps and widgets within easy reach, so they can be instantly accessed after unlocking the screen. IMPORTANT NOTE: When shopping for a sound card, make sure you do not accidentally purcahse one that is "Low Profile. In 2005, the QI Group acquired a UK-based independent telecommunications provider with a strong background in providing advanced communications solutions and technology in the United Kingdom. We're now looking at life lately in entirely new ways.
Today, the company has over 1. There is a rarely discussed
addiction that can be as enslaving as drugs and as devastating to self-respect, self-confidence
and healthy functioning as alcoholism.
My page ... gacnoba.ipove.net
Let's think of words that sound dirty but really aren't.
A bowler who can consistently pick up his spares can easily
hold a 180 average without getting any strikes. It's fast to build and play and will challenge your memory.
My website http://www.sotexsport.com/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&u=1071816
We hit it off from the very beginning and have been together ever since, with no signs of our love
and passion for video games ever fading.
A short video that requires minimal digital effects can be rendered in just a
few minutes while a feature length animated movie can
take up to several weeks because of the complexity of
the effects needed and the 3D animation itself.
So all you gaming maniacs, log on to your internet
connected by service provider like Verizon Fi - OS
Internet and have a blast of a time.
Also visit my weblog :: More hints
No longer does a music lover need to bother about traveling out of range
when a fantastic song comes on over the vehicle radio.
Often, long term schedules with a bit of breathing room work best.
Perfect for long trips and for up to date information on road conditions ahead.
Feel free to surf to my website; http://www.residenteparoissien.com.ar/index.php?do=/blog/216223/choosing-rapid-plans-in-radio/
No longer does a music lover need to bother about traveling out of range when a fantastic
song comes on over the vehicle radio. Often, long term schedules with a bit of breathing room work best.
Perfect for long trips and for up to date information on road
conditions ahead.
Feel free to visit my website http://www.residenteparoissien.com.ar/index.php?do=/blog/216223/choosing-rapid-plans-in-radio/
clients, Rachel, who got back together with her
ex. Aside from the obvious difficulties of pitching so brilliantly in such a high pressure situation, Larsen's feat is even more impressive when one considers that the Dodgers had four future Hall of Famers in their lineup: Duke Snider, Jackie Robinson, Roy Campanella and Pee Wee Reese. The main reason why you would want to do this is simple, you can unlock the true potential of your purchase.
Feel free to surf to my blog - raymond
You can pick up basic equipment for very little or you can go for higher quality tackle and
spend hundreds or thousands. Spinning - Trout are aggressive and definitely
will strike and eat smaller fish. If the fish are not hitting on your main crappie
jigs you may need to switch to live bait or a combination of live and artificial baits.
My blog post ... http://portability4media.com/xoops/userinfo.php?uid=24198
Break your 3 normal main meals into 5 smaller portion sizes - morning, snack, lunch, snack, dinner.
Vitamin B3 or also called as Niacin is important in weight loss because it is
responsible for the regulation of thyroid hormones and also in sugar levels in the body.
Then leave it a while until your tummy lets you know that you're hungry again before opting for a healthy snack.
My web-site: abnehmen
Similar to the cue ball that is shot in pools; this game involves coins and strikers that are essential to play carrom game.
Imagine never having to worry about what to wear to work, and even the infuriating traffic jams that never seem to end.
The most unique thing about Ouya is that it is said to be "open" -- although what this means is up for interpretation.
Also visit my webpage: just click the next article
With internet radio, you get pretty much what you want, when you want.
Wi - Fi internet radio is a new handy device for all music lovers of this world,
which is a gift of the technology to the entertainment world.
You will also need to be sure that you have enough bandwidth from your web host to run
the programming smoothly.
Here is my site clasede1b.blogspot.de
The internet is fueling the success of music because it can be
listened to at any time of the day and anywhere in the world.
Much of your best players marketplaces in the united states are supervised.
These channels offer a variety of genres for the user.
my web-site cnbc radio online free
It really is developed in this type of way that it makes the driver comfortable and in charge as if they
are driving an actual car. Recently many players
encounter G27 problem in Shift 2: Unleashed. Building a better Naga - I've always really liked Razer's Naga (and I've used nearly all of them at some point), but I have to say that the G600 is hands-down my pick.
Also visit my web blog ... Logitech-tastaturen.de/l..
For any kind of luxury item of consumption, MAD (Money, Authority
and Desire) is required. Regular workshops ensure that the staff at PVM Radio subdivision is not only up to date with the latest technological innovations,
but also ensures that the customers from diverse
backgrounds are offered the best possible services
to suit their tastes. You will need an outside antenna to
get clear reception on your radio.
Feel free to surf to my blog post - radio jingles
This method of fishing also has a by-catch of non-target species such as sharks, dolphins,
turtles, and other non-target fish species. One of the
benefits of fishing is that it is not physically demanding.
But here's my top 5 to consider with choices for both types of water included:.
Here is my page; Http://portability4media.com/xoops/userinfo.php?Uid=24198
Twitter Grader or Klout are generally examples of tools that can be used to instruct you by doing this.
I was really startled because of two reasons first
this tweeple who seemed to be a student was not much worried
about exam but about Hrithik. Another thing you'll want to avoid is relying on Twitter as your sole source of marketing.
Stop by my webpage: just click the next web site
This is a small selection of great music I listen to, written from my own
perspective as a fan and a user, with the aim of inspiring others
to listen too. Manual; this is the instructions;
same again is it in good condition. Quicker to
produce and available in lower costs, they
often feature a lot of complex designs.
Also visit my page - blogs.albawaba.com
Both drugs have also been denied FDA approval
the first time around and are awaiting news on their second attempt.
Withdrawal from levothyroxine can be done but it takes 6 weeks of withdrawal for the remaining thyroid tissue to be completely starved.
Who does not need that little bit of elevation when trying to diet.
Feel free to surf to my web-site: http://www.wasteofmind.de/phpBB2/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&u=9091
That's like Houston Texas being without a Country station. This means that everyone in the whole wide world can access this new kind of radio and you are assured that the programs as well as the list of radio stations you are listening to are all automatically updated. Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar: The Duke Red Matter (Part One; CBS, 1956)'Abbott
Stables's Duke Red is a thoroughbred destroyed over a serious injury in an accident, and Dollar (Bob Bailey)'asked to review a $65,
000 insurance claim on the horse'smells trouble when the stable's business manager is dismissed after filing the claim,
and its veterinarian may have destroyed the horse a little too swiftly.
Look at my site ... pedometer radio reviews
Whilst you could get a partner or close friend to give your shoulders,
back or feet a good rub down, to truly feel long-term benefits you should enlist the services of a
trained professional to give you regular massages. What we can do is to really accept what we did while forgiving that part of us that was unaware of what we were doing or
how it would impact other people; the part that just
doesn't always get it right. It is a very capable digital audio editor, that has multiple options for remixing and refining the various sounds you can create.
Also visit my site - Author's
external home page...
And Ouya, which is about the size of a Rubik's cube. A bowler who can consistently pick up his spares can easily hold a 180 average without getting any strikes. Next Jim Deacove developed a few of his own board games based on the principles of cooperation, group strategy and joint problem solving.
my website ... http://www.ytubedownloader.org/story.php?id=1155
Also make sure everything is plugged in correctly, it
is pretty easy to mix up an audio cord with a video
cord without resizing it, this can easily cause
a black screen with your PS3. to watch the
7-minute video that explains how Instant Video Web Pages will make
video marketing fast and easy. Also, if they have a gradual link, the video may perform again really
badly or not at all.
my blog eurotic
But with Nexus Radio the only settings you have to worry about
are where you want to save your files and what file type you want to
save it as. Much of your best players marketplaces in the united
states are supervised. You will need an outside antenna to
get clear reception on your radio.
My blog post - Http://www.Epcgaming.Com/
"It also brings artists' music-related Twitter activity front and center: go to their profiles to see which music artists they follow and listen to songs by those artists. At the time of writing this column Tweetie for the i - Phone was bought by Twitter and has now become the Official Twitter client. Twitter is one of the best methods for seeing what is being said about an organization.
Look into my page - can you sign back on to a deleted twitter account
But with Nexus Radio the only settings you have to worry about are where you want to save your files
and what file type you want to save it as.
Often, long term schedules with a bit of breathing
room work best. Another radio commercial production tip to chew on is to make sure the
audio quality is excellent on any spot your produce.
Stop by my web page; http://www.kaeferfreunde-weiz.at
The fishfinder approximates where the fish are by measuring the amount of time between when the beam was sent out and when it registered the hit.
Never dawned on me that they might want to try it, so I was surprised one day in
the late-eighties when my son called and said they wanted to go fishing.
But here's my top 5 to consider with choices for both types of water included:.
My website: Author's external home page... (www.crondall-triathlon.co.uk)
Similar to the cue ball that is shot in pools; this game
involves coins and strikers that are essential to play
carrom game. Say you're doing as well at Chemistry, and as you are doing at Maths Extension 2, then instead of splitting your study time equally between the two (just because they are both worth 2 units each), you should spend more time on Extension 2, simply because it scales higher. Harry Potter Hogwarts is one more entry into this new series of LEGO board games.
my webpage; http://www.spielespielen24.de/tag/guns
Similar to the cue ball that is shot in pools; this game involves coins and strikers that are essential to play carrom game.
The only downside of it in a lot of people's eyes is the fact that there is no multiplayer content. The main reason why you would want to do this is simple, you can unlock the true potential of your purchase.
Feel free to surf to my web blog; click the up coming web page
It iis based on computer with electrographic sensor technology.
Say you're doing as well at Chemistry, and as you are doing at Maths Extension 2, then instead of splitting your study time equally between the two (just because they are both worth 2 units each), you should spend more time on Extension 2, simply because it scales higher. Preparing to apply to the dozens of other game development companies for video game jobs will enable you to expand and diversify your list of possible employers, and your chances of getting hired will increase tremendously.
Feel free to visit my webpage - Visit posters website
Bà bầu khi mang thai hay thích ăn thịt chó có được không
Để có được sức khỏe tốt cho mẹ và thai nhi điều cần thiết là nên cung cấp đầy đủ chât dinh dưỡng cho mẹ và con. Trong thời kì mang thai các mẹ hay ưa thích ăn những món ăn khác lạ. Nhiều bạn đề ra bà bầu có nên ăn thịt chó không ? Để giải quyết vấn đề ấy cùng chúng tôi tìm hiểu qua chia sẻ dưới nhé.
Đơn giản thịt chó có chứa nhiều dinh dưỡng đặc biệt là chất đạm cho nên việc bổ sung dinh dưỡng là cần thiết nhưng thịt chó rất nóng nên sẽ không tốt cho thai nhi và bà bầu. Thứ 2 theo phong tục người Á Đông thì chó là vật nuôi thân thiết nhất với con người thì việc ăn thịt chó là trong những việc hay kiêng kị nhất.
>>> Tìm hiểu thêm phu nu mang thai co nen an trung vit lon
Chúng tôi khẳn định rằng bà bầu ăn thịt chó không hề ảnh hưởng gì chó sức khỏe nhưng cần hạn chế sử ăn quá nhiều và không nên ăn các món đi kèm với nó là mắm tôm, rau sống những thực phẩm này không hề tốt cho thai nhi. Các mẹ cần nên bổ sung đầy đủ các chất dinh dưỡng và cần bằng chế độ ăn uống cho phù hợp với tình trạng sức khỏe của mình và thai nhi trong từng giai đoạn.
Hy vọng các mẹ có cái nhìn đúng là bà bầu có nên ăn thịt chó hay không hay các mẹ có nên ăn những gì trong suốt thời kì mang thai.
Chúc các mẹ nhiều sức khỏe!
Post a Comment